SYMBOLS IN REVELATION 12:1-3
© Orest Solyma  July 27, 1999
The Church of God in Williamstown
WEB SITE: http://www.alphalink.com.au/~sanhub/index.htm

INTRODUCTION
The Bible, though a relatively small book, smaller than many pagan tests, presents to the reader and hearer awe-inspiring purposes, incredible claims and extraordinary literary qualities. The apostle Paul in his last epistle, probably written early 68 AD, says of the Scriptures in

With never-ending scholarly arguments about what is authentic Scripture, what is true and what is tampered with, how are we able to knowingly imbibe and not blindly accept what the apostle Paul meant as being the inspired Word of God? The last epistle of the apostle Peter—written in 68, for both apostles were martyred in Rome in Nero's last year (see Lactantius, Of the Manner in Which the Persecuted Died, 2; ANF, Vol VII, p 302, Eerdmans, 1985; Epistle of Clement, V, ANF, Vol I, p 6 & fn; Eusebius, HE, II.25.5)—offers the following in Though this is speaking of prophecy we should recognize that the principle applies. We know from Rev 22:18-19 that God curses any who add, delete from or tamper with the prophecies of Revelation. Again, the principle applies to the whole Word of God, as Dt 4:2 states: You shall not add to the word which I command you, nor take anything from it (similarly, Dt 12:32 and Prov 30:5-6). We come to know what the true Word and Will of God are by the calling of God, graphically stated by Christ in Jn 6:44-45,63b,65, and by revelation of God's Spirit, as 1Cor 2:6-16 and Eph 3:3-7 make clear—by revelation, by the Holy Spirit, God makes known the mysteries of Christ. Furthermore, we come to know better and better that: God is Almighty and omniscient, i.e., all-knowing. Nothing can escape His knowledge and Will (Ps 139:1-7). Therefore, when He speaks prophetically in apocalyptic language (see Is 44:6-7; 45:11,19,21; Rev 1:1-3), He uses symbols that are universal and which are understood in most, if not in all the world's cultures. A powerful example of this is evident in the biblical symbols used for Satan the Devil (Rev 12:9). He is called the old Serpent, the Dragon, Rahab, Leviathan; also the Deceiver, Adversary, Enemy, the Evil One (see e.g., Gen 3:1; Ps 74:14-16; 89:10; Is 27:1; 51:9; 1Jn 5:19, etc). Some examples will illustrate this.

THE DRAGON AND SERPENT
The flag and motto of the Prince of Wales, added to the British Royal Standard in 1953, the red dragon on a green background, has in Welsh Y Ddraig Goch Ddyry Cychwyn, i.e., The Red Dragon Leads the Way. Many biblical verses might spring to mind in view of such a motto with its ancient symbolic image (e.g., Gen 3:1; 2Cor 4:4; Eph 2:2).

A Chinese news weekly comments, "Nowadays the dragon is regarded as representative of the ancient Chinese nation and traditional culture, and the Chinese are seen as the dragon's descendants. … The image of the dragon can be traced back to remote antiquity. Opinions on its origins are many and varied. According to some people, it may have originated from totem patterns or witchcraft. Some think it expresses the ancient people's belief in nature. What is certain is that it is the pet of the Chinese. It symbolizes their spirit. … In the second century BC, Liu Bang, the founder of the Han Dynasty, was born to a poor family. He made up a story in which he claimed that he was the offspring of his mother and a dragon. … The concept of the emperor as the descendant of the dragon or the Son of Heaven was handed down from that time on. The emperor was looked upon as a representative of the dragon, and his face called the dragon's face" (Beijing Review, Feb 15-28, 1988, pp 32-33).

Francis Huxley, in his book The Dragon, makes it very evident that "the dragon has haunted the childhood of the human race from time immemorial in its serpent form" (N.Y.: Collier, 1979; p 5).

The ancient Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian) also the Hittite, Canaanite, Ugaritic and Phoenician have their various myths of the serpent-dragon. The Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Vol VII, pp 504-509 bears this out. It says, for example, that "the biblical Leviathan is borrowed from Canaanite mythology, in which the seven-headed serpent is vanquished by the young warrior Ba'al or his consort 'Anat who describes the victory herself: I have slain the twisting serpent, the tyrant with seven heads (p 506). See also the Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Vol V, pp 566-582, drakon.

Whether Mayan, Aztec, American Indian, Australian Aborigine, Maori, Melanesian, Javanese, Japanese, African, Arabic, Egyptian, Indian, Iranian, Scandinavian, German, Slavic, etc., their myths speak of the dragon, serpent, monster of the deep, a universal symbolic figure found in primitive, oriental, and classical cultures. These ancient symbols form a beginning for their cultural heritages, including values, literature, art, music. What happens to a people, an ethnic group, a nation and culture, an organization, if it finds that the basis for its culture is false? The disintegration of communism in Russia is a very graphic modern example of a people confused, humiliated, weakened, struggling to find strong values and healthy national pride. Symbols and ideologies govern our beliefs and behaviours. Ancient symbols form some of the crucial background to the Bible. Let's see how they apply.

"As Re, the solar disc [representing the Egyptian sun god, who is the son of Hathor or Isis, the mother of the gods], set beneath the horizon each evening and came up triumphantly on the other side of the world each morning, it was thought he had to cross the skies below during the course of the night. That journey was fraught with danger, because the dragon of darkness and chaos, Apophis, waited in the underworld to capture and destroy him. The repulsing of Apophis (ophis in NT Gk means snake or serpent) and the victorious rising of Re each day is the subject of this myth" (Primal Myths, B C Sproul, London: Rider, 1979, p 87). The translated myth includes these lines: He is fallen to the flame, Apophis with a knife on his head. He cannot see, and his name is no more in the land (p 89).

The Bible begins with the revelation that the ruin of mankind is the purpose of the Serpent (Gen 3:1), the Dragon, the deceiver of the whole world (Rev 12:9). Isa 14 and Ezek 28 give the origin of this lord of the demons and the gods of this world, just as so many of the most ancient myths do with their variations on a theme (see 1Cor 8:5; Dt 32:16-18). The shamans, adepts, magi, mystics and witch-doctors of today and of various cultures seek trance-like altered-mind states in which they see demonic monsters and/or entities of light—for Satan and his demons manifest themselves as angels and messengers of light; 2Cor 11:14-15. These angelic entities are described in ancient myths. So many seek religious experiences by rituals, seances or 'channeling', or by using hallucinogenic drugs: magic mushrooms, mescaline, peyote, LSD, 'angel dust', etc. All shall know that their delusional searches for non-biblical gods and anti-biblical mystical experiences, their living with perverse myths and false cultural beliefs are the devilish inspiration and ruinous efforts of Satan and his demons in bringing people and nations to spiritual and material destruction (Ezek 28:18; Isa 14:12; Rev 12:9 Satan and his angels deceive the whole world).

THE SYMBOLS OF REVELATION 12
It is not my intention to go through the 17 verses of Rev 12 fairly comprehensively, for it is a vast subject requiring at least several hours of exposition. I offer an overview followed by development of the theme of who the Woman is, with explanation of the symbolism of sun, stars and the moon. Rev 12:1-17 describes John's vision of some fundamental world and church history expressed in ancient symbols. Footnotes from the NRSV Study Bible (A New Annotated Edition by the Society of Biblical Literature) are included. A number of study Bibles have helpful footnotes in this chapter (e.g., JB, NEB).

The great sign or portent in Heaven of the Woman, Child, and Dragon "is an adaptation of the myth of Apollo's birth [Apollo being the ancient Greek sun god and god of light]." The woman clothed with the sun represents "a cosmic queen (described much like Isis [the Egyptian mother of the gods and wife of the Egyptian saviour god, Osiris]), [is] used as a symbol for both the Israel from whom the Messiah came [born of Judah, one of the 12 tribes] and the church [vv 6,14,17]." The 12 stars might allude to the Zodiac but represent "the twelve tribes of Israel," also the 12 patriarchs of Israel, sons of Jacob, and the 12 apostles whose names in the foundations of the walls of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21:14) symbolize entry into the Kingdom in terms of

Let's now look at Rev 12. With at least ten symbols in three verses (woman, sun, moon, stars, crown, male child, dragon, heads, horns, diadems), we are presented with a huge panorama of events.

"The Greek translation of the OT [the Septuagint, or LXX] uses the same term [Dragon] for Leviathan, the enemy of God (Job 41:1; Ps 74:14; Isa 27:1). A dragon with seven heads (see 13.1; 17.3) [is] a figure in Ugaritic mythology [Ugarit or Ras Shamra was an ancient coastal city north of modern Latakia in Syria], symbolizes seven successive rulers (17.10); the ten horns (see Dan 7.7,20,24) represent ten subordinate kingdoms (17.12)."

In carefully considering how the symbols—woman, male child, sun, moon, stars—should be interpreted and what cultural background would be helpful to enrich understanding, I looked at numerous books and files. Opinions vary and the explanations offered are sometimes extremely difficult. Hindu mythology, some of which might be applicable, for it has Persian and Greek elements, would seem to be the most complex and intolerably perverse. Is the God of Scripture speaking only to His people or is He speaking to all mankind? If God is speaking to all mankind, how does He speak so that all false beliefs are challenged, are shown to be wrong and evil, and which must be overthrown to be replaced with pure truth? As illustrated in the symbols of Serpent and Dragon, are these other Rev 12 symbols used in many cultures? If so, what is the Bible's purpose in doing this? Is it a means by which to confound the mighty with their myths (1Cor 2:27-28)?

Wilfrid Harrington's Catholic commentary, Revelation, gives this interpretation. My comments [are (bracketed)]:

The closest parallel, however, to the narrative of the woman and the dragon is a Graeco-Roman version of the legend of Apollo's birth [Apollo: a sun god, god of light, a god of prophecy and shepherding; Helios was god of the sun; another name for Apollo]. Leto had become pregnant by Zeus [father of the gods]. The dragon Python foresaw that this child, a son, would replace him as ruler over the oracle at Delphi [i.e., the prophet of the gods would replace Python]. He sought to kill the child at birth. Zeus commissioned the North wind and the sea-god Poseidon to aid Leto. She gave birth to Apollo and Artemis [Artemis's attributes are shifted also to Ishtar, Diana, Isis, who are sexual companions to Tammuz (the Assyro-Babylonian messiah), Adonis (Greek), and Osiris, who is the Egyptian messiah of mankind]; Apollo slew the dragon Python. John [may have been aware of this kind of ancient mythology and] adapted the story to describe the birth of the Messiah. But this is not the only source. He glances back at the ancient myth of the perennial threat of chaos, as well as to a current reading of Gen 3.
The woman, though first seen in a setting of splendor, is with child and close to delivery. Her birth-pangs may be those of Eve (Gen 3:16); they are, more immediately, the birth-pangs of travailing Israel. See Mic 4:10, "Writhe and groan, O daughter of Zion, like a woman in travail." In rabbinical literature "birth-pangs of the Messiah" is a familiar phrase. …
In stark contrast to the woman stands another sign: a great red dragon. Much earlier than the Python image is that of a dragon or sea-serpent as a mythic symbol of chaos. Babylonian and Canaanite texts mention a serpentine monster with seven heads (Sacra Pagina, Liturgical Press, 1993, pp 129-130).
The symbols of sun, moon, stars are addressed in this way (p 128): "John's background is complex. The mother goddess, queen of heaven [the Queen of Heaven was major source of delusion to the remnant who survived the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in 587 BC; Jer 44:17-28], was worshiped in the cities of Asia. John may be suggesting that the Woman here is the true Queen of Heaven." Many other scholars attest, some more extensively, to the essence of the comments quoted from Harrington (e.g., James Moffatt, The Expositor's Bible, Revelation; Hans Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece; Geoffrey Ashe, The Virgin; The Interpreter's Bible, Vol XII, Revelation, Abingdon Press, 1957).

Perhaps we're reminded of the parabolic and prophetic dreams of Joseph in Gen 37 that provoked his being sold to slave traders, eventually becoming second in Egypt, then the means of saving his parents and brothers from famine. The sheaves of harvest of the sons of Jacob gathered together to bow before the sheaf representative of Joseph. The second dream is recorded in vv 9-11:

Jacob, of course, spoken of so highly and prophetically elsewhere in the Scriptures, would not be "bowing" to Joseph. So what does the dream mean? The family understood that the sun represented Jacob and the moon Joseph's mother, Rachel. She is spoken of prophetically in Jer 31:15, Rachel weeping for her children (which were Benjamin and Joseph; Gen 35:24). Matt 2:18 cites this verse as applicable to the horrific attempt to murder the new-born Jesus with the result that many innocent children—among the lost sheep of the house of Israel [Mt 15:24]—died at the hands of Satan's agent, Herod. Jer 31 is a stunning chapter that declares God's love for Israel (v 3); God declares Fatherhood over Israel and Ephraim as the firstborn of Israel (v 9), which he wasn't (so there is symbolic meaning in choosing Ephraim), and furthermore, his mother was an Egyptian whose father was high priest in Heliopolis, City of the Sun (Gen 41:45).

The Virgin of Israel (Jer 31:21), the entire nation, Judah and Israel, would become one under the New Covenant (vv 31-33; also Ezek 37:15-22). Joseph became instrumental in having all Israel gathered in Egypt so that years later they would all come out together and exodus to the promised land. We bow to whatever is the Will of God. We give credit to whomever God is using—according to the Word of God (Lk 10:16; Jn 13:20; Isa 8:20; 2Jn 10). We seek to understand God's Way of doing things. Jacob's response to Joseph's dream indicated that he needed to further contemplate God's intent in the symbols. When Israel left Egypt, her redeemer, Osiris, and his wife, Isis, (identified by the Greeks as Demeter [goddess of harvests]), Hera [wife of Zeus], Selene [the moon goddess, 'the bright one'; Selene is the Greek word for moon in the NT; neomenia is new month/moon; men is month]—all the gods of Egypt—would be utterly disgraced, as would be all their priests, magi, diviners, astrologers and sorcerers (Ex 12:12).

THE "WOMAN" OF REV 12
is in total contrast to the Whore of Rev 17, the Mother of Harlots (v 5), with whom the kings of the earth fornicate (v 2). The woman of Rev 17 is drunk with the blood and murder of the saints (v 6). The Beast on which she rides across the face of the earth has 7 heads and ten horns (vv 3,7). So the end-time religious system seems to have religious symbols attributed to it that are alluding to the feminine side of the ancient gods. Admittedly, the Beasts of Rev 13 have no biblical feminine symbols attributed to them. John sees in his vision the Harlot in the wilderness (v 3); she is dressed in purple, scarlet, gold, jewels, and pearls, and holds a golden cup of abominations (v 4). The Virgin of Ezek 16, before becoming exceedingly adulterous, is described prophetically as dressed in gold, silver, silk, fine linen, embroidery, jewelry, very beautiful in appearance and internationally famous (vv 12-14). It seems evident that the Mother of Harlots is a parody of the Woman of Ezek 16. The Whore, the City that rules over the hearts and minds of the kings of the whole earth (Rev 17:18), is destroyed (Rev 17:16 The 10 horns will hate the Harlot, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh and burn her with fire)—all amazing parodies of the way the ancient gods behave—in large-scale destruction. The Great Whore is also a woman and a city which, as Rev 18:16 says, is clothed in fine linen (righteousness), purple (royalty and nobility), scarlet (redemption and life), adorned with gold (purity and richness), precious stones and pearls (high priesthood and truths). Quite obviously, these symbols, taken on by Babylon, are counterfeits and parodies of the Holy City and those whose citizenship is in Heaven.

On the other hand, the restored and redeemed Woman is described in Isaiah 54:

Jeremiah 4 picks up on the false and true comparisons: Micah expresses similar words: Zechariah speaks of victory for the Daughter of Jerusalem, Zion, the Church (Heb 12:22-23). We are confronted with complex symbolism referring to the Bride of Christ in the Song of Songs. "CLOTHED WITH THE SUN"
The Woman, who gave birth to the Son (Huios) of God, is clothed with the Sun (Helios). The Woman, as the rest of the chapter makes clear, is the Church. The Dragon is enraged with her and makes war on her offspring (Rev 12:17). Mal 4:2 is the one verse in the Bible that calls the Son of God the Sun of Righteousness, who arises with healing on His wings. The imagery of the wings representing the sun's life-giving rays appears as a winged sun disc on many Middle Eastern monuments. It is generally seen in the middle of symbols of the sun and moon. It is the biblical Sun of Righteousness who gives Life, Light, Healing, who is the conqueror over all other gods, who is the true Son of the only God and Father of all. And it is this Son who is the Redeemer, Lord of lords, King of kings, and bringer, through His Father, of all that is true and good. His Bride and Wife is the Church. And yet the Church, the Woman, is symbolized as giving birth to Him. The symbolism in Rev 12 encompasses a poetical expression of rejection of the false and is designed to reveal the overthrow of the symbols and cultures of all that opposes the Truth.

Christians are to walk as Christ has shown us, and continues to show us, how to walk (1Jn 2:6; 1Pet 2:21). We are to wear the God-given fine, white linen, which is the righteousness of the saints (Rev 19:8; 3:5; 2Cor 5:2).

THE "CROWN OF TWELVE STARS"
The crown (stephanos in Gk) the Woman wears has a number of wonderful meanings:
It is the crown of life (Rev 2:10; Jas 1:25). It is the crown of kingship that Christ wears (Rev 14:14); and we know that the saints are being made into a Kingdom of priests, co-heirs in His rule and government, as many Scriptures show (Rom 8:17; Gal 3:29; Eph 3:6; Heb 6:17; 11:9-10; Jas 2:5).

It is an imperishable crown (1Cor 9:25); the crown of righteousness (2Tim 4:8); the crown of glory which only the true God gives (1Pet 5:4).

The crown the Woman wears is adorned with 12 stars. We may conclude that the stars represent angels, as Rev 1:16,20 tell us that the seven stars are the seven angels of the seven churches. Job 38:7 says that all the stars of Heaven sang at the unfolding of the creation of the universe. Stars, therefore, symbolize the angelic host. Isa 14:13 tells us that Satan wanted to— and still wants to—be placed above the stars of Heaven, i.e., Satan wants lordship over the entire angelic host and the saints rather than accept that this position is Christ's, the One who threw the Adversary out, as Ezek 28:14-16, in the RSV, reveals. Dan 8:10 (see also Rev 12:7-9) says that the little horn, like a lamb and speaking as a dragon (Rev 13:11-17), cast some of the stars of Heaven to the ground. Dan 12:3 informs us that those who turn many to righteousness are like the stars forever and ever—which reminds us of the promise to Abraham that his spiritual descendants would be numerous as the stars of the heavens (Gen 15:5; 22:17; Jer 33:22; Heb 11:12). We also know that the Son who rules this world—the Devil—wants to destroy the stars, the multitude of saints, whom God is creating.

The 12 stars in the crown of the Woman we should recognize as symbolic of the 12 tribes, as in Rev 7:1-8; 14:1-5. The twelve apostles (see Mt 19:28; Lk 22:30) are also implied. They sit on 12 thrones judging the 12 tribes. The apostles overthrow Satan's court in Mt Olympus (ruled by the 12 gods that form the Council: Zeus, Poseidon, Hephaestus, Hermes, Ares, Apollo, Hera, Athena, Artemis, Hestia, Aphrodite, Demeter) and any other cosmic mountain found in the myths of old, the place where the gods gather, and a counterfeit to Mt Zion, the Holy Mountain where the Court of the Mighty God and His Christ is (Rev 3:21).

Though we may have long known that the 12 apostles would judge the 12 tribes in the Kingdom of God, do we begin to see that the simplicity of knowing this is greatly enriched by understanding the all-encompassing uses of biblical symbols? These symbols deal with the whole world, the systems of the world, which are under the rule and judgment, at present, of the God of this world—Satan. The Evil One will be overthrown and all his stars with him!

THE "MOON UNDER HER FEET"
It would be easy to spend at least an hour explaining the meaning of the Moon under Her feet. The ancient myths make it clear that the moon is a symbol of the ancient goddesses, wives of the messianic gods in the heathen cultures. I'd like to quote and make additional comment on material from The Encyclopedia of Religion, edited by the famous historian of comparative religion, Mircea Eliade.

Gen 1:14 tells us that the sun and moon are for "signs and for seasons (mo'ed, time(s); season(s); festival(s); assembly), and for days and years." That is, right from creation, even before creation, God foresaw that the moon would be a determinant to much of man's life, including his religious life. Paganism has perverted and distorted the meanings and suppressed the true meanings. We know the moon affects tides, therefore it affects oceanic currents, therefore winds are affected. Many farmers down through history have regulated planting and harvesting according to moon cycles and seasons.

Ps 104:19 supports Gen 1:14 with the remarkable statement that God appointed the moon for seasons (festivals), which are agriculturally-based and which typify spiritual harvests, in that the first full moon and the seventh full moon of the sacred year are intimately connected with the harvests in God's Plan of salvation (1Cor 15:20,23,24). Yes, Pentecost is a harvest festival not directly connected to the moon cycles. So that seems to throw the pattern out. Christ's death on Wednesday, 5 April, in 30 AD was on 14 Nisan, with the full moon the following day. There seem to be intimations that the Day of Trumpets, the day of the seventh new moon, typifies the Return of Jesus Christ as King of kings and Lord of lords.

The encyclopedia comments:

An early recognition of a connection with menstruation gave rise to the conception of the moon as the guardian of the female cycle and of birth or, alternatively, as a male god who monthly defiles women. In connection with dew, rain, tides, the moon may promote the growth of vegetation or bring disastrous floods.
The moon has been a measure of time from early times, especially for hunting societies… As a male god the moon appears as the Strong Bull of Heaven who cares for the cows, the stars; or as the sacrificed god, the son or lover of the mother goddess… [Do we not recognize, for example, the error of Israel in the wilderness with the golden calf?]. The waxing and waning of the moon led to the idea that it dies and is reborn, and thus the moon became a part of the funeral ceremonies and rites of the resurrection.
The phases of the moon seem to echo the life cycles of women and therefore connect the moon with the Triple Goddess who presided over birth, initiation, and death. The Moon [Selene] became part of a triad with Hekate, goddess of the underworld, and with Artemis, the divine huntress, whose hounds were the stars. [Can a dog be a god?] Sometimes even the Egyptian Isis joined the grouping. In this connection the qualities of the moon are fertility, moisture, change, darkness, magic…
Usually the waxing moon is a fortunate omen and the waning moon a dangerous one…. Aside from night and day, the moon is the most obvious natural measure of time. The Indo-European root is the same for the moon, month, and measure. There exist what may be notations of the moon's phases in Paleolithic caves in Spain from 7000 BCE. Stonehenge in Great Britain (c. 3000 BCE) may have been used to measure the movements of the moon as well as those of the sun. There are still primitive peoples who use only the moon to measure time. Before the arrival of Europeans, American Indians counted the lunations as "war month," "month of flowers," and so forth. The dark of the moon was the "naked time"; its first appearance, the "coming to life."
The trio of Moon, Sun, and Evening Star are often found together on royal stelae down through Babylonian times.
The Semitic-speaking peoples who succeeded the Sumerians—Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians—took over most of their inventions and adopted the Sumerian pantheon, giving the gods Semitic names. Nanna became Sin; Utu, Shamash; and Inanna, Ishtar.
The Assyrians, who took over from the Sumerians the worship of the moon under the name of Sin, built another moon city, Haran, on the Euphrates. The Assyrian kings came to Haran to "take the hand" of Sin after they had been confirmed by their own god, Ashur.
Throughout Anatolia there are depictions of and inscriptions to the Anatolian moon god, called Men, from the Indo-European root for moon and measure… Later Men became confused with the "dying and rising god" Attis, the castrated follower, son, or lover of the Great Mother of Phyrgia, Cybele, as well as with Dionysos and Sabazios of Thrace, two other dying and rising gods.
Iranians dedicated the right eye of very sacrificed animal to the Moon. They believed that when all things were put in motion by Angra Mainyu, or Evil, the Moon created time, which will run until Angra Mainyu is overthrown (pp 84-87).
CONCLUSION
We know that the Woman of Rev 12 is the Church, the Bride of the true Messiah, so do we have the Woman represented twice—as the Woman and as the moon? For the answer we need to see what "under her feet means."

We know that under God's feet is the throne floor, as seen in Ex 24:10 and Rev 4:6. David, in his wonderful prayer recorded in 2Sam 22 and in Ps 18, refers to his LORD coming with darkness under His feet (Ps 18:9) and his enemies fallen under his feet (v 38). Ps 47:3 speaks of the King bringing all nations under the feet of the saints. The apostle Paul tells the Church that Satan will be crushed under the feet of the saints (Rom 16:20). And the wicked are to be ashes under the feet of the Sun of Righteousness (Mal 4:3). Paul, in the resurrection chapter, 1Cor 15, says that all enemies will be under the feet of Jesus Christ (vv 25,27), as does Eph 1:22 and Heb 2:8. The moon reflects the glory of the sun and the Church is to reflect the glory of the Sun of Righteousness. So the Church, in whom and over whom is the Light of the world, will have all the false goddesses, those who reflect the falsehoods of the father of lies and darkness, under her feet.

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