WHAT IS 'APOCALYPTIC'?
The question needs answering because biblical scholars regard
Matt 24, Mk 13, Lk 21 as apocalyptic literature. What is addressed
in this paper contradicts some important aspects of what modern
scholarship might regard as biblically, exegetically, and prophetically
correct. This paper also challenges some insistent fundamentalist
assumptions about end-time prophecy.
The editor, James H. Charlesworth, in the two-volume THE
OLD TESTAMENT Pseudepigrapha (Doubleday:
1983) says: "Apocalyptic-from the Greek word apokalupsis
meaning "revelation" or "disclosure"-is an
adjective that has been used to describe both a certain type of
literature and a special feature of religions in late antiquity.
Unfortunately there is presently no consensus regarding precise
definition of this adjective; confusion sometimes arises because
it is employed frequently in contradictory ways.
The Old
Testament contains only one apocalypse: the book of Daniel. The
New Testament adds only one more: the book of Revelation.
Both of the [Old and New Testament] canons, moreover, contain
important apocalyptic sections (viz. Ezek 40-48; Isa 24-27,34f.,
56-66; Zech 9-14; Mk 13 and par., 1Thes 4; 1Cor 15)" (Introduction,
Vol. 1, p 3).
This work makes comment about the influence upon the NT of the
largely apocalyptic 1Enoch. "[E]ven though [R.H.] Charles
may have exaggerated when he claimed that "nearly all"
the writers of the New Testament were familiar with 1 Enoch, there
is no doubt that the New Testament world was influenced by its
language and thought. It influenced Matthew, Luke, John, Acts,
Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Ephesians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians,
1 Timothy, Hebrews, 1 John, Jude (which quotes it directly), and
Revelation (with numerous points of contact). There is little
doubt that 1 Enoch was influential in molding New Testament doctrines
concerning the nature of the Messiah [1Enoch is quite evidently
anti-trinitarian and anti-binitarian; see 1En 1:1-9; 46; 48; 49;
51; 61:5-13; 62:5-9; 69:27-29; 71:10-17], the Son of Man, the
messianic kingdom, demonology, the future, the resurrection [anti-Catholic],
final judgment, the whole eschatological theater, and symbolism.
No wonder, therefore, that the book was highly regarded by many
of the earliest apostolic and Church Fathers" (Introduction,
E. Isaac; p 10).
The renowned Catholic NT scholar, Raymond E. Brown, has this to
say: "Persecution of God's people by the great world empires
challenged the extent to which history is under God's control
(See our paper: The Immutability of God which addresses
God's perspective and foreknowledge of all history). Apocalyptic
literature responds to this by visions that encompass what is
happening in heaven and on earth at the same time-visions that
can be expressed only in luxuriant symbols. The parallelism of
heaven and earth gives assurance that what happens below is under
the control of God above, and that earthly persecution reflects
struggles between God and the major evil spirits. A special aspect
of Rev is that the apocalyptic message has been attached to letters
to specific churches, so that by expressing the attributes of
God in symbolism that goes beyond rational description, the author
is reminding those Christians of the late 1st century
that the kingdom of God is larger than the history they are experiencing.
It gives them hope, nay assurance, that despite (or even because
of) the setbacks they have suffered, God would make them victorious"
[i.e., spiritual success in the present duress and victory at
"the end of history]. Unfortunately, many modern readers
have forgotten the 1st-century addresses; and not knowing
this type of literature and the plasticity of images and time
symbols (so prevalent in the Jewish apocalypses cited above [viz.,
Daniel, IV Ezra, and II Baruch]), they think of Rev as an exact
prediction of the future revealing arcane secrets to them. Rather,
the grandeur of "the alpha and Omega, the first and the last"
(Rev 22:13) lies beyond chronology and human calculation"
(An Introduction to the New Testament, [Doubleday:
1997]; pp 8,9).
The Book of Revelation is specific prophecy. Our problems of interpretation
seem to be triplefold: (a) lack of understanding of the ancient
and multinational scope of the symbols used (for example: the
dragon; beast out of the sea; moon; etc.); (b) false assumptions
and carelessness; (c) reliance on false 'prophets' rather than
heeding Rev 22:18,19 &c.
Bernard McGinn, editor of the 80-volume series, Classics
of Western Spirituality, has this to add in his Antichrist:
"A powerful tradition of modern biblical scholarship has
interpreted Jesus' preaching of the kingdom in an essentially
apocalyptic sense, that is, as an imminent and final stage of
history.
Some scholars argue that Jesus had nothing at
all to do with apocalyptic or eschatological ideas [i.e., such
scholars deny the possibility of prophecy] but a more prevalent
view maintains that he used apocalyptic themes to convey a new
message about the present immanence rather than the coming imminence
of the kingdom (this view is frequently called realized eschatology)"
(p 35). This latter expression also denies prophecy.
W. Oesterley, in the Introduction to R.H. Charles' translation
and publication of 1Enoch in 1912, makes comment about the influence
of this work on the three Synoptic Gospels. We shall be comparing
the "apocalyptic" sections of these Gospels in this
first part of two or three papers which offer carefully considered
guidelines to prophecies describing events leading up to the Second
Coming. Please see our earlier paper, Considerations of
Prophecy, which deals with other and common aspects of
misinterpretation of prophecy.
"In dealing with the subject of 1 Enoch and the Gospels,
this writer [i.e., F.C. Burkitt, Jewish and Christian Apocalypses]
points out that the former "contains a serious attempt to
account for the presence of Evil in human history, and this attempt
claims our attention, because it is in essentials the view presupposed
in the Gospels, especially in the Synoptic Gospels. It is when
you study Matthew, Mark, and Luke against the background of the
books of Enoch that you see them in their true perspective"
" (The Book of Enoch, [SPCK: 1991]; pp xxvii,
xxviii).
WHY REFER TO OTHER SOURCES?
Some readers might feel that all this comment, quoting from 'other'
sources is really of little, if any, relevance. One of the features
of 'cult-like' mentality is aversion, even fear of reference to
other sources for counter opinion. If we were absolutely assured
that our sources of prophetic understanding were from 'modern'
prophets of God (as prophets are defined by the Bible
and not self-defined: e.g., in Jer 1:1-10; Ezk 1:1-4, &c.),
and there are none, nor have there been this
century that I am aware of, then we could more readily
ignore those we recognize as deceiving or deceived. As we continue
I will show that those of us who have had a background in the
Radio Church of God, Worldwide Church of God, United Church
of God, or other offshoots have been seriously affected by
numerous false prophecies. If we had been more alert to alternative
interpretations, and had verified statements made (as in 1975
in Prophecy, the Middle East in Prophecy, and numerous
church magazine articles), then the level of current bewilderment
and disorientation about prophecy would not be so disconcerting.
However, much more disillusionment is inevitable as major
things predicted by Herbert W. Armstrong are disproved in the
time ahead (Deut 18:20-22).
HERBERT W. ARMSTRONG
In The Bible Advocate of October 30, 1928, Herbert
Armstrong wrote: The events of the world are all shaping themselves
toward the final great war-the War of Armageddon! The world little
realizes the secret influences which have been furiously at work
since the closing days of the World War-the secret alliances which
have been made between the very nation which, according to prophecy,
shall usher in the War of Armageddon-the activities involving
Bolshevist Russia, Germany, Turkey, the Pope of Rome, the "black
pope," or head of the secret "Jesuit Society,"
and Mussolini" (The "Pact of Paris" Will
It End War? [front-page article]). In his Mystery of
the Ages (so reminiscent of Desire of the Ages)
he writes that his first dummy copy of The Plain
Truth was put together by an artist in 1927 (p 24). Quite
obviously he was already looking at establishing his own means
of publishing.
In the very first issue (February, 1934), in the feature article,
Is a World Dictator About to Appear?, we read in
the front page box, word for word: Will it be Mussolini, Stalin,
or Roosevelt? Everybody senses that something is WRONG with the
world . . . that some mighty event is about to occur. What is
it? Bible prophecy tells! . . . and it is the plain truth!
The first two paragraphs are:
We live today in the most strenuous, anxious, momentous hours
of earth's history.
Today we stand on the very threshold of colossal events that
will stagger the mind of mortal man. Just now it is like the lull
before a great and devastating storm. Everyone senses it!
On page two, he wrote under a banner, Where Are We Today in
Prophecy?: Third [in reference to the sequence and
compounding of events in Matt 24], Jesus said there would be
FAMINES (verse 7). There have been, culminating in the most colossal
famine of all history recently in Russia [some 7 million Ukrainians
died in the Stalin-instigated famine of 1932-3].
Then fourth, Jesus said there would be PESTILENCES, (v. 7).
These, too, have occurred but the pestilence which was the most
terrible was the flu epidemic at the time of the world war.
Following this, Jesus said "Then shall be GREAT TRIBULATION,
such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time."
(v. 21). Combining the many, many other prophecies of this great
tribulation, describing its every phase and cause, including unemployment,
millionaire suicides, hoarded gold and money withdrawn from circulation,
general lawlessness, lukewarm and formal churches, etc., we
may be absolutely certain that we are in, and for about three
years have been passing thru, this great world-wide tribulation.
The text goes on: And "Immediately AFTER the tribulation
of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not
give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the
powers of the heavens shall be shaken." (Verse 29)
And the 5th seal [Rev 6] (v. 9-11), describes
another phase of the TRIBULATION-the martyrdom of Christians-and
this has been occurring in Russia, Germany, and other countries
.
What IS the SIGN of the Son of man, now soon to occur?
This
rolling together of the heavens like a scroll, then, is the SIGN
of the almost immediate coming of Christ (bolding emphasis
added).
Then on p 4: He smites the nations of all the earth, and rules
them with a "rod of iron!" He also bears the name "KING
OF KINGS," and LORD OF LORDS." Here, at last, truly,
is a SUPER-Man! His reign will be a righteous one (v. 11), and
it will be for ever and ever! (Daniel 7:14).
Other Scriptures
scattered thru the Bible verify this soon coming of Jesus Christ
back to earth.
Yes, Jesus is coming! He is coming as
He went! HE IS COMING SOON! Quite obviously,
Herbert Armstrong identifies the "Dictator" as Jesus
Christ.
Those of you who saw videos, movies, reproductions of the front
page of the first issue of The Plain Truth, would you please
recall what you believed the headline, Is a World Dictator
About to Appear?, was suggesting? Wasn't it for most people,
that Mr Armstrong was 'prophesying,' way back in 1934, that an
Adolph Hitler was about to arise? Was this advertising honest?
Those who believe and love the Truth do not fear other sources
(2Thess 2:10-12). It is advisable, amongst so much false prediction,
to know that our personal views are provable. Presumptuous interpretations
and prejudiced scholarship will prove to be futile.
A PROLOGUE TO THE OLIVET PROPHECY
We have an additional problem that many view Matt 24, Mk 13, Lk
21, 2Thess 2, 1Cor 15, Rev as apocalyptic and not prophetic. Apocalypses
are messages of hope and assurance and are not what God
foresaw unfolding in history as us "simple-minded
folk" might want to believe.
Because people are generally poorly informed and misinformed about
prophecy the conflicting and numerous opinions expressed by scholars
and others about Matt 24, Mk 13, Lk 21, and associated Scriptures
(such as Dan 8 &11, 2Thess 2, Rev 13), may leave one quite
bewildered, and even may leave one in a state of near despair
as to who might be tolerably accurate in his/their exegesis (explanations)
of what prophetic Scriptures mean. My attempt here is to show,
as simply as I can, that anyone who is called by God (Jn 6:44),
is aware of his/her humanity (Jer 17:9; Rom 8:7; Heb 2:5-9), is
led by the Holy Spirit (1Cor 2:6,7,10-3), and is not presumptuous
with Scripture (Rev 22:18-9; 2Pet 1:20-1), can understand far
more about prophecy if the mind will heed: Blessed are they
who hear the words of this prophecy and heed what is written
there, for the time of crisis is near (W.J. Harrington, Revelation
[Sacra Pagina: 1993]). It is clear that John did not regard the
prophecies given him as apocalyptic-as in most modern senses.
Rev 1:1-3,9; 12:17; 19:10; 22:7,10,18,19 all make
quite plain that this work is a prophetic revelation,
using amazing and ancient symbols, and revealing the sequence
of events leading to the Second Coming, the Millennium, and then
the New Jerusalem (Rev 20:1-11; 5:9-10; 1Cor 15:24,28).
It will become evident that the mighty question the apostles put
to Jesus Christ: Tell us, when will these things be, and what
will be the sign of Your Coming (Gk. parousia),
and of the end of the age? is the result of a number of lead-up
events and was answered by Jesus in a quite comprehensive way.
Please note the way the three Synoptic Gospels are put together
to reveal additional aspects we may not have considered. I'll
start with the eighth and final 'Woe' Jesus Christ pronounced
upon the religious leaders of His day (the other seven are: vv
13,14,15,16,23,25,27). These words from Jesus Christ were uttered
no more than a few days before His death (Matt 21:1-2).
Matt 23:29-36 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees,
hypocrites! Because you build the tombs of the prophets and adorn
the monuments of the righteous, 30 and say, 'If we had lived in
the days of our fathers, we would not have been partakers with
them in the blood of the prophets.' 31 Therefore you are witnesses
against yourselves that you are sons of those who murdered the
prophets. 32 Fill up, then, the measure of your fathers' guilt.
33 Serpents, brood of vipers (i.e., of Satan; Jn 8:44; Matt 13:38;
7:21-23; 2Cor 11:13-15)! How can you escape the condemnation of
hell (gehenna)? 34 Therefore, indeed, I send
you prophets, wise men, and scribes: some of them you will kill
and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues
and persecute from city to city, 35 that on you may come all the
righteous blood shed on the earth, from the blood of righteous
Abel to the blood of Zechariah, son of Berechiah, whom you murdered
between the temple and the altar (In the Hebrew OT canon 2Chronicles
is last and the last named righteous martyr is recorded in 2Chr
24:20-24). 36 Assuredly, I say to you, all these things will come
upon this generation" (40 years later, in the summer of 70AD,
the Temple was burned and razed to the ground).
As we observe the parallels in the three Olivet Prophecy accounts
we should note across the columns the consistency of sequence
and that elements are mentioned in earlier parts of Jesus' ministry.
Though some things were given several times, the prophetic synopsis
is given, on the Mount of Olives, a few days before Jesus'
death, which was probably on Wednesday, 5th
April, 30AD, that is on 14 Abib, the afternoon of
the killing of the Passover Lamb.
A LEAD-UP TO THE OLIVET DISCOURSE
Mt 23:37 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing!
38 See! Your House is left to you desolate; (But the Temple was busy, the priests were busy, it was all well funded, and seemingly well attended. Jesus is speaking of the spiritual desolation because the Son of God was unrecognized and rejected by the religious leadership)
39 for I say to you, you shall see Me no more till you say, "Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD!" (cited from Ps 118:26).
| Lk 13:34 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, but you were not willing!
35 See! Your house is left to you desolate;
and assuredly, I say to you, you shall not see Me until the time comes when you say, 'Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD!'
(This earlier record suggests that Christ said this on more than one occasion).
| Lk 19:41 Now as He drew near, He saw the city and wept over it, 42 saying, "If you had known, even you, especially in this your day, the things that make for your peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes.
43 For days will come upon you when your enemies will build an embankment around you, surround you and close you in on every side, 44 and level you, and your children within you, to the ground; and they will not leave in you one stone upon another, because you did not know the time of your visitation." 45 Then He went into the temple and began to drive out those who bought and sold in it, 46 saying to them, "It is written, 'My house is a house of prayer,' but you have made it a 'den of thieves.'" 47 And He was teaching daily in the temple. But the chief priests, the scribes, and the leaders of the people sought to destroy Him, 48 and were unable to do anything; for all the people were very attentive to hear Him.
|
It is instructive to consider the allusions and significances
in Ps 118 as part of it is cited above.
Ps 118:22-27 The Stone which the builders rejected has
become the chief Cornerstone. 23 This was the Lord's doing; it
is marvellous in our eyes. 24 This is the day the LORD has made;
we will rejoice and be glad in it. 25 Save now, I pray, O LORD;
O LORD, I pray, send now prosperity. 26 Blessed is he who comes
in the Name of the LORD! We have blessed you from the House of
the LORD. 27 God is the LORD, and He has given us Light (Jesus
Christ is the Light of the world [Jn 8:12]); bind the sacrifice
with cords to the horns of the altar (an allusion to the fact
that that the Son of God is the Lamb).
In Hag 2:9 we read: "The Glory of this present House (the
Church Christ builds) will be greater than the glory of the former
house," says the LORD of hosts. "And in this place I
will grant peace," declares the LORD of hosts (cf. Gal 4:25,26;
Eph 2:14; Isa 66:12,13).
Matt 21:41-44, Mk 12:9-12, Lk 20:16-19 reveal, in the aftermath
of the Vineyard Parable, that the religious leaders would
lose their role as 'builders' to the apostolic church.
Hag 2:9 illustrates the final outcome to the death of Christ,
the endurance of the Church, and the gathering of the Firstfruits
(Zech 14:1-5; Mic 4:1-8; Rev 19:7-9. For other 'vine' parables
see Ps 80:7-19; Isa 5:1-7; Ezk 17:3-10; 19:10-14; cp. Matt 21:33-46;
Mk 12:1-12; Lk 20:9-19).
PARALLELS in the ESCHATOLOGICAL DISCOURSE on the MOUNT OF OLIVES
Matthew 24
1 Then Jesus went out and departed from the temple, and His disciples came up to show Him the buildings of the temple.
2 Jesus said to them, "Do you not see all these things? Assuredly, I say to you, not one stone shall be left here upon another, that shall not be thrown down."
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Mark 13
1 Then as He went out of the temple, one of His disciples said to Him, "Teacher, see what manner of stones and what buildings are here!"
2 And Jesus answered and said to him, "Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone shall be left upon another, that shall not be thrown down."
| Luke 21
5 Then, as some spoke of the temple, how it was adorned with beautiful stones and donations, He said,
6 "These things which you see; the days will come in which not one stone shall be left upon another that shall not be thrown down."
(See Lk 19:44).
|
The extraordinary importance of this prophecy is emphasized in
Luke's recounting in 19:11-27,41-44, only days before Christ's
death, as the Lamb of God. Luke is quite emphatic that he has
been extremely thorough in setting things in their order as they
happened (Lk 1:1-3). And quite evidently, where the other Gospel
writers have covered the material so that there is little scope
for misunderstanding, he has left that out. Yet he sometimes repeats
because of the sheer weight of profundity and needful repetition
(Rev 3:22).
Psalm 79 is illustrative of the kind of deep background
to the significance of what is said in Lk 19:41-47.
Ps 79 (A Psalm of Asaph. [All the Psalms of Asaph
are prophetic]). 1 O God, the nations have come into Your
inheritance; Your Holy Temple they have defiled; they have laid
Jerusalem in heaps. 2 The dead bodies of Your servants they have
given as food for the birds of the heavens, the flesh of Your
saints to the beasts of the earth. 3 Their blood they have shed
like water all around Jerusalem, and there was no one to bury
them (cp. Rev 6:9-11). 4 We have become a reproach to our neighbours,
a scorn and derision to those who are around us. 5 How long, LORD?
Will You be angry forever? Will Your jealousy burn like fire?
6 Pour out Your wrath on the nations that do not know You, and
on the kingdoms that do not call on Your Name. 7 For they have
devoured Jacob, and laid waste his dwelling place (cp. Dan 12:7).
8 Oh, do not remember former iniquities against us! Let Your tender
mercies come speedily to meet us, for we have been brought very
low. 9 Help us, O God of our salvation, for the glory of Your
Name; and deliver us, and provide atonement for our sins, for
Your Name's sake! 10 Why should the nations say, "Where is
their God?" Let there be known among the nations in our sight
the avenging of the blood of Your servants which has been shed.
11 Let the groaning of the prisoner come before You; according
to the greatness of Your power preserve those who are appointed
to die; 12 and return to our neighbours sevenfold into their bosom
their reproach with which they have reproached You, O Lord. 13
So we, Your people and sheep of Your pasture, will give You thanks
forever. We will show forth Your praise to all generations (also
see Ps 2).
THE SEQUENCE OF HISTORICAL EVENTS
GOD'S FOREKNOWLEDGE IN HOW HISTORY UNFOLDS
Augustinian (see City of God, Bk XX, ch 7) and modern
views preclude the actuality of what descriptively follows. Most
scholars speak of the "end of history" which concept
excludes the millennial reign of Christ (1Cor 15:12-55; Jude 14;
Rev 14:1-5; 19:7-9; 20:1-6). The reader should cast his/her eyes
across all three Gospels and note carefully the symmetry.
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Matt 24:3 Now as He sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, "Tell us, when will these things be? And what will be the SIGN of Your Coming, and of the end of the age?"
4 And Jesus answered and said to them: "Take heed that no one deceives you.
5 For many will come in My Name, saying, 'I am the Christ,' and will deceive many.
(See 2Thess 2:9-12; 2Tim 3:1-5,12,13; 2Pet 2:1-3; Matt 7:21-23; 2Cor 11:13-15).
6 And you will hear of wars and rumours of wars. See that you are not troubled; for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet.
7 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. And there will be famines, pestilences, and earthquakes in various places.
8 All these are the beginning of sorrows."
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Mk 13:3 Now as He sat on the Mount of Olives opposite the temple, Peter, James, John, and Andrew asked Him privately,
4 "Tell us, when will these things be? And what will be the SIGN when all these things will be fulfilled?"
5 And Jesus, answering them, began to say: "Take heed that no one deceives you.
6 For many will come in My Name, saying, 'I am He,' and will deceive many.
7 But when you hear of wars and rumours of wars, do not be troubled; for such things must happen, but the end is not yet.
8 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. And there will be earthquakes in various places, and there will be famines.
These are the beginnings of sorrows."
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Lk 21:7 So they asked Him, saying, "Teacher, but when will these things be? And what SIGN will there be when these things are about to take place?"
8 And He said: "Take heed that you are not deceived.
For many will come in My Name, saying, 'I am He,' and, 'The time has drawn near.' Therefore do not go after them.
9 But when you hear of wars and commotions (Gk. akatastasia: civil strife and turmoils, rebellions, insurrections-note that the Matt & Mk do not have this) do not be terrified; for these things must come to pass first, but the end will not come immediately."
10 Then He said to them, "Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. 11 And there will be great earthquakes in various places, and famines and pestilences;
and there will be fearful sights and great signs from heaven."
|
Before we consider in some detail this latter part of Lk 21:11
let's look at what appears reasonable parallelism with Rev 6 of
the things so far described in Matt, Mk, Lk.
THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE (REV 6)
It should be noted that there seems to be parallelism in events
as above.
Rev 6:1-8 Now I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals;
and I heard one of the four living creatures saying with a voice
like thunder, "Come and see." 2 And I looked, and behold,
a white horse. He who sat on it had a bow; and a
crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer
(universal deception? Rev 12:9; 1Jn 5:19.
Yet scholars seem to regard this white horse and its rider as
symbolic of conquest-not a major attempt by satanic forces to
overcome the saints with deceit and falsehoods).
3 When He opened the second seal, I heard the second living
creature saying, "Come and see." 4 Another, a fiery
red horse, went out. And it was granted to the one
who sat on it to take peace from the earth, and
that people should kill one another; and there was given to him
a great sword (many wars).
5 When He opened the third seal, I heard the third living
creature say, "Come and see." So I looked, and behold,
a black horse, and he who sat on it had a pair of
scales in his hand. 6 And I heard a voice in the midst of the
four living creatures saying, "A quart of wheat for a denarius,
and three quarts of barley for a denarius; and do not harm the
oil and the wine" (famines).
7 When He opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of
the fourth living creature saying, "Come and see." 8
So I looked, and behold, a (sickly) pale horse.
And the name of him who sat on it was Death, and Hades followed
with him. And power was given to them over a fourth of the earth,
to kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and by the beasts
of the earth (pestilences, famines, warfare).
In Luke 21:11 we read: There will be fearful
sights (Gk. phobetra; i.e., terrifying sightings;
heavenly and cosmic displays) and great signs (Gk.
semeia megala) in the heavens. Scholars
are puzzled by this addition by Luke, which Matt and Mk do not
have (see Bock, Luke, p 1667). It seems extraordinary
to move from international strife, wars, and scattered famines,
pestilences and famines, to cosmic events. These are not signs
and wonders in the heavens indicating the immediate return of
Jesus Christ, because Lk, Mk, Matt all speak of these a little
later and in parallel. What might be the cause of these heavenly
events?
"SIGNS IN THE HEAVENS" Please consider the
following possibilities:
2Thess 2:3-12 Let no one deceive you by any means (Please
recall Matt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8); for that Day will not come
unless the falling away (apostasia: apostasy, rebellion)
comes first (What are the causes for such large scale apostasy?),
and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the son
of perdition, 4 who opposes and exalts himself above all that
is called God or that is worshipped, so that he sits as God in
the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. 5 Do you not
remember that when I was still with you I told you these things?
6 And now you know what is restraining (It seems that Paul had
done the explaining but we can only guess at what he taught the
Church on this matter), that he may be revealed in his own time.
7 For the mystery of lawlessness (iniquity) is already at work;
only what now restrains will do so until taken out of the way.
(Because the Greek is ambiguous here, scholars are disagreed as
to what the restraining power is. I have translated this v 7 to
reflect that ambiguity). 8 And then the lawless one will be revealed,
whom the Lord will consume with the breath of His mouth and bring
to nothing with the brightness of His Coming. 9 The coming
of the lawless one is according to the working of Satan, with
all power, signs, and lying wonders, 10 and with all unrighteous
deception among those who perish (What provokes the 'man
of sin' to suddenly make his appearance very evident to the world?),
because they did not receive the love of the truth, that they
might be saved. 11 And for this reason God will send them strong
delusion, that they should believe the lie (The lie is that a
man claims to be God!), 12 that they all may be condemned who
did not believe the truth but had pleasure in unrighteousness.
The apostle Paul gives us an interpretation of a prophecy from
Hag 2:6,7 in Heb 12:26-9 which includes signs in the heavens.
I am inclined, though I admit it is a surmise, to see this as
possibly consistent with what Lk 21:11b and 2Thess 2:9,10 reveal.
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Heb 12:26 (NIV) At that time His voice shook the earth, but now He has promised, "Once more I will shake not only the earth but also the heavens." 27 The words "once more" indicate the removing of what can be shaken--that is, created things--so that what cannot be shaken may remain. 28 Therefore, since we are receiving a Kingdom that cannot be shaken, let us be thankful, and so worship God acceptably with reverence and awe, 29 for our "God is a consuming fire."
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Hag 2:6 "For thus says the LORD of hosts: 'Once more (it is a little while) I will shake heaven and earth, the sea and dry land; 7 'and I will shake all nations, and they shall come to the Desire of All Nations, and I will fill this Temple with glory,' says the LORD of hosts.
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We should note the "shaking" of the Church of
the firstborn (to expose those who are approved; 1Cor 11:19) before
the "shaking" of the world at Christ's Coming.
Perhaps the following Scriptures have relevance to Lk 21:11b also?
Rev 12:9-12,17 So the great Dragon was cast out,
that Serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan, who deceives
the whole world; he was cast to the earth, and his
angels were cast out with him. 10 Then I heard a loud voice saying
in heaven, "Now salvation, and strength, and the Kingdom
of our God, and the power of His Christ have come, for the Accuser
of our brethren, who accused them before our God day and night,
has been cast down. 11 And they overcame him by the blood of the
Lamb and by the word of their testimony, and they did not love
their lives to the death. 12 Therefore rejoice, O heavens, and
you who dwell in them! Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and
the sea! The Devil has come down to you, having
great wrath, because he knows that he has a short time."
17 The Dragon was enraged with the woman. He went to make war
with the rest of her offspring, who keep the commandments of God
and have the testimony of Jesus Christ (which is the spirit of
prophecy; 19:10).
How significant is what Jesus Christ said about Satan in Lk
10:18? Translated literally it reads: I was seeing Satan
as lightning from heaven falling (Bock, Luke,
p 1006). Dan 8:10 says: And it (the little horn) grew up to
the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and some
of the stars to the ground, and trampled them. Rev 12:4 is
worth comparing here.
Furthermore, we are reminded of Isa 14:12,13 where we have
the parallel of the king of Babylon and Satan: How you have
fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn! You have
been cast down to the earth, you who lay the nations low! For
you have said in your heart: "I will ascend into heaven,
I will exalt my throne above the stars of God.
The question to ask is: What would provoke Satan to suddenly behave
as described above?
THE TRIBULATION & PREACHING OF THE GOSPEL
Matt 24:9 Then they will deliver you up to tribulation and kill you, and you will be hated by all nations for My Name's sake.
10 Many will be offended, will betray one another, and will hate one another. 11 Then many false prophets will rise up and deceive many. 12 And because lawlessness will abound, the love of many will grow cold. 13 But he who endures to the end shall be saved. 14 And this GOSPEL of the Kingdom will be preached in all the world as a witness to all the nations, and then the end will come.
(It should be noted that the preaching of the Gospel here, in context, is not the commission. That is in Lk 24:44-49).
| Mk 13:9 But watch out for yourselves, for they will deliver you up to councils, and you will be beaten in the synagogues. You will be brought before rulers and kings for My sake, FOR A TESTIMONY TO THEM.
10 The GOSPEL must first be preached to all the nations.
11 But when they arrest you and deliver you up, do not worry beforehand, or premeditate what you will speak. But whatever is given you in that hour, speak that; for it is not you who speak, but the Holy Spirit. 12 Now brother will betray brother to death, and a father his child; and children will rise up against parents and cause them to be put to death. 13 And you will be hated by all for My name's sake. But he who endures to the end shall be saved.
| Lk 21:12 But before all these things, they will lay their hands on you and persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues and prisons. You will be brought before kings and rulers for My Name's sake.
13 But it will turn out for you as an occasion for TESTIMONY.
14 Therefore settle it in your hearts not to meditate beforehand on what you will answer; 15 for I will give you a mouth and wisdom which all your adversaries will not be able to contradict or resist. 16 You will be betrayed even by parents and brothers, relatives and friends; and they will put some of you to death.
17 And you will be hated by all for My Name's sake. 18 But not a hair of your head shall be lost. 19 By your patience possess your souls.
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There are some allusions to these events in Daniel.
Dan 7:21 As I looked, this horn made war with the
saints, and prevailed over them, 22 until the Ancient
of Days came, and judgment was given for the saints of the most
High, and the time came for the saints to receive the Kingdom
(Note the telescoping of the Millennium and the Judgment as Peter
does in 2Pet 3:10).
25 He shall speak pompous words against the Most High,
shall wear out the saints of the Most High, and
shall intend to change times and law. Then the saints
shall be given into his hand (i.e., persecution) for a time and
times and half a time.
Dan 8:24c He shall destroy the mighty and holy people.
Dan 11:32-5 Those who do wickedly against the Covenant
he shall corrupt with flattery (Here is the opportunity
for betrayal); but the people who know their God shall be
strong, and carry out great exploits. 33 And those
of the people who understand shall instruct many (Sounds
like preaching of the Gospel, doesn't it?); yet for many days
they shall fall by sword and flame, by captivity and plundering.
34 Now when they fall, they shall be aided with a little help;
but many shall join with them by intrigue. 35 And some of
those of understanding shall fall, to refine them, purify
them, and make them white, until the time of the end; because
it is still for the appointed time.
Dan 12:7c and when the power of the holy people has been
completely shattered, all these things shall be finished (like
the Temple destructions of 587BC and 70AD).
"The Abomination of Desolation"
By way of introduction to this section may I quote from the current
800-page Roman Catholic Catechism. "Before Christ's second
coming the Church must pass through a final trial that will shake
the faith of many believers [Lk 18:8; Mt 24:12]. The persecution
that accompanies her pilgrimage on earth [Lk 21:12; Jn 15:19-20]
will unveil the "mystery of iniquity" in the form of
a religious deception offering men an apparent solution to their
problems at the price of apostasy from the truth. The supreme
religious deception is that of the Antichrist, a pseudo-messianism
by which man glorifies himself in the place of God and of his
Messiah come in the flesh [2Thess 2:4-12; 1Thess 5:2-3; 2Jn 7;
1Jn 2:18,22]" (Item 675; Catechism of the Catholic
Church; St.Paul's: 1994; p 176).
"The Antichrist's deception already begins to take shape
in the world every time the claim is made to realize within history
[i.e., 'realized eschatology'] that messianic hope which
can only be realized beyond history through the eschatological
judgment. The church has rejected even modified forms of this
falsification of the kingdom to come under the name of millenarianism,
especially the "intrinsically perverse" political form
of a secular messianism" (Item 676, p 177). The Catholic
church rejects, since the days of Augustine (354-430AD), the earthly
rule of Christ and David, et al, before the Judgment and the New
Jerusalem (Rev 5:10; Ezk 34:22-24).
Raymond Brown confirms such current thinking in his section on
Millenarianism (pp 800-2), but says that
the early fathers, Papias, Justin, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Lactantius
took the millennium 'literally.'
Matt 24:15 Therefore when you see the 'abomination of desolation,' spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place" (whoever reads, let him understand), [see Dan 8:11-4; 9:26-7; 11:31; 12:11].
Matt 24:16 then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. 17 Let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house. 18 And let him who is in the field not go back to get his clothes.
19 But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies in those days!
20 And pray that your flight may not be in winter or on the Sabbath.
21 For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be.
22 And unless those days were shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect's sake those days will be shortened.
23 Then if anyone says to you, 'Look, here is the Christ!' or 'There!' do not believe it. 24 For false christs and false prophets will rise and show great signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect.
25 See, I have told you beforehand.
26 Therefore if they say to you, 'Look, He is in the desert!' do not go out; or 'Look, He is in the inner rooms!' do not believe it.
27 For as the lightning comes from the east and flashes to the west, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be.
28 For wherever the carcass is, there the eagles will be gathered together. 29 Immediately AFTER THE TRIBULATION of those days the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light; the stars will fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken.
"THE COMING"
Matt 24:30 Then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory.
31 And He will send His angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they will gather together His elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.
32 Now learn this parable from THE FIG TREE: When its branch has already become tender and puts forth leaves, you know that summer is near. 33 So you also, when you see all these things, know that it is near; at the doors!
34 Assuredly, I say to you, this generation will by no means pass away till all these things take place. 35 Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away.
36 But of that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, but My Father only.
37 But as the days of Noah were, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be. 38 For as in the days before the flood, they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered the ark, 39 and did not know until the flood came and took them all away, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be.
40 Then two men will be in the field: one will be taken and the other left. 41 Two women will be grinding at the mill: one will be taken and the other left.
42 Watch therefore, for you do not know what hour your Lord is coming. 43 But know this, that if the master of the house had known what hour the thief would come, he would have watched and not allowed his house to be broken into. 44 Therefore you also be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect."
| Mk 13:14 So when you see the 'abomination of desolation,' spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not" (let the reader understand),
Mk 13:14 then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. 15 Let him who is on the housetop not go down into the house, nor enter to take anything out of his house. 16 And let him who is in the field not go back to get his clothes.
17 But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies in those days!
18 And pray that your flight may not be in winter.
19 For in those days there will be tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the creation which God created until this time, nor ever shall be.
20 And unless the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect's sake, whom He chose, He shortened the days.
21 Then if anyone says to you, 'Look, here is the Christ!' or, 'Look, He is there!' do not believe it. 22 For false christs and false prophets will rise and show signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect.
23 But take heed; see, I have told you all things beforehand.
24 But in those days, AFTER THAT TRIBULATION, the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light; 25 the stars of heaven will fall, and the powers in the heavens will be shaken.
Mk 13:26 Then they will see the Son of Man coming in the clouds with great power and glory.
27 And then He will send His angels, and gather together His elect from the four winds, from the farthest part of earth to the farthest part of heaven.
28 Now learn this parable from THE FIG TREE: When its branch has already become tender, and puts forth leaves, you know that summer is near. 29 So you also, when you see these things happening, know that it is near; at the doors!
30 Assuredly, I say to you, this generation will by no means pass away till all these things take place. Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away.
32 But of that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father. 33 Take heed, watch and pray; for you do not know when the time is.
34 It is like a man going to a far country, who left his house and gave authority to his servants, and to each his work, and commanded the doorkeeper to watch.
35 Watch therefore, for you do not know when the master of the House is coming; in the evening, at midnight, at the crowing of the rooster, or in the morning; 36 lest, coming suddenly, he find you sleeping. 37 And what I say to you, I say to all: Watch!"
| Lk 21:20 But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation is near. (History becomes prophetic parable like the parable of the 10 virgins is a parable speaking of future history).
Lk 21:21 Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let those who are in the midst of her depart, and let not those who are in the country enter her.
22 For these are the days of vengeance, that all things which are written may be fulfilled.
23 But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies in those days!
For there will be great distress in the land and wrath upon this people.
24 And they will fall by the edge of the sword, and be led away captive into all nations. And Jerusalem will be trampled by Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.
(Dan 11:45 He shall pitch his palatial tents between the sea and the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, with none to help him).
25 And there will be signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars; and on the earth distress of nations, with perplexity, the sea and the waves roaring; 26 men's hearts failing them from fear and the expectation of those things which are coming on the earth, for the powers of heaven will be shaken.
Lk 21:27 Then they will see the Son of Man coming in a cloud with power and great glory.
28 Now when these things begin to happen, look up and lift up your heads, because your redemption draws near.
29 Then He spoke to them a parable: "Look at THE FIG TREE, and all the trees. 30 When they are already budding, you see and know for yourselves that summer is now near. 31 So you also, when you see these things happening, know that the kingdom of God is near.
32 Assuredly, I say to you, this generation will by no means pass away till all things take place. 33 Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away.
34 But take heed to yourselves, lest your hearts be weighed down with carousing, drunkenness, and cares of this life, and that Day come on you unexpectedly.
35 For it will come as a snare on all those who dwell on the face of the whole earth.
(Lk 17:34-7 I tell you, in that night there will be two men in one bed: the one will be taken and the other will be left. 35 Two women will be grinding together: the one will be taken and the other left. 36 Two men will be in the field: the one will be taken and the other left. 37 They answered Him, "Where, Lord?" So He said to them, "Wherever the body is, there the eagles will be gathered together").
36 Watch therefore, and pray always that you may be counted worthy to escape all these things that will come to pass, and to stand before the Son of Man."
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CONCLUSION
JOY OR DISILLUSIONMENT IN THE FULFILLMENT OF PROPHECIES?
It is anticipated that this paper has given some additional insights,
has erased some misconceptions and assumptions. But undoubtedly
it has also raised some additional questions. Without good questions
we would not seek answers. Your questions are welcomed. Every
effort will be made to give coherent answers to questions about
fundamental prophecies pertinent to all of humanity. Future papers
will attempt to deal with these issues and questions as best as
currently understood.
There is no argument with Scripture. For example, we are told
that 'no one knows the day nor the hour' of Christ's Return as
King of kings and Lord of lords. Yet some will insist that he
is coming on a Feast of Trumpets. And furthermore, once we see
the death of the 'two witnesses,' as Rev 11 describes, we will
know the time. The Bible gives us information, but sometimes we
cannot adequately reconcile it. Instead of inventing answers,
let us be prepared to remember the things it says and
watch. Let us not be presumptuous. What, for example, will
happen to those naïve "believers" who think that
they will be in 'a place of safety' (Rev 12:6,14) and then find
that they, nor anyone else is in a specific place of safety in
the wilderness? What will happen to those who are assured that
Germany will "nuke" and invade the USA, but find that
such events do not occur (1975 in Prophecy and Mystery
of the Ages (see pp 189-190)? What will happen when some find
out in their blind obstinacy (Matt 15:13,14; Isa 9:16; Ezk
14:1-11) that the Anglo-Saxon peoples do not go into a captivity
instigated by the "United States of Europe"? (See The
United States and British Commonwealth in Prophecy, ch. XX111
[Herbert W. Armstrong; 1972; pp 200-229). It is very
obvious that the final empire is vibrant, is worldwide (Rev 6:15;
11:18; 12:9; 13:3,7,8,14; 18:3) is in control of very prosperous
world trade, and feels secure (Rev 18). There is not fear of large-scale
nuclear fallout as would be the case with a supposed nuclear devastation
of the USA (ibid. p 228). Can you imagine an enemy 'nuking' then
occupying the devastated landscape? What for? To take the nuclear
diseased and dying population to slave markets abroad?
Trust in God brings authentic joy and hope. Trust in men causes
self-delusion, disillusionment, and hopelessness (Jer 17:5-6;
Ps 146:3-4). The prophetic messages in Matt, Mk, Lk tell us to
watch-with the perception and understanding God gives (Rev 13:9).
Blessed is he who trusts in the LORD (Jer 17:7-8; Ps 146:5-10)!